This is done in version v1.21.6:
Charcoal, chalk stones, chunks of hematite, and chunks of limonite (both have to be rich or bountiful, medium chunks don't work) give black, white, reddish brown and yellow respectively. Chunks of malachite, cinnabar and lapis lazuli, alongside their crushed and powdered variants, do nothing. Same for limestone, coke, powdered charcoal, and black and brown coal. Black and brown coal, however, have a weird tool tip where the shift + right click to place on ground appears twice, so maybe it's a glitch or something that might get implemented later? I would definitely love to see more options for cave paintings, especially a bright red or blue from cinnabar and lapis lazuli.