I'm fairly new to the game too and just about to enter Spring in my second year. I'll try and answer your questions:
Not really other than what you would expect - groups of trees. Pointing the cursor at the ground and it identifies as 'forest floor' is another way.
Loot is random. It's worth adding that there is sometimes more than one pot in a ruin and other goodies. Craft a shovel and dig around. Take any bone soil back and try panning it to collect other stuff of interest. The best loot from the pots I have had was two tin-bronze scythes.
Traps are designed and built by players, not craftable. I have two built (unashamably copied from YT content creators), one to run bears to (so I can safely collect resin from the pine trees in that area) and another for Storms to farm the rifters. At some point I will see if I can improve on them but they are perfectly fine for now.
Don't be sorry this is a tough game with a fairly steep learning curve. I'm not aware that the handbook content is available outside the game but I suspect most of it is in the Wiki.
I think you'll find it very tough if you just try and go it alone without at least some homework. Winters in temperate regions are especially hard (December - March) so you need to try and make sure you have enough food to last, along with some warm clothing. A cellar is perfect to help keep foods edible for a long time (with the help of crocks and storage vessels) and a fur coat/boots/gloves will help you survive the cold. The latter items can be easily made with hides and fat, you just need to allow the time for them to cure.
I have yet to venture too far from my home as it too appears to be surrounded by forests. Each time I have tried to make my way through them, some beastie or other manages to find me . In the meantime I've setup a home with farm, workshop with a windmill operated helve hammer, a greenhouse, and have some breeding sheep and pigs. I will be looking for some bees in the spring to populate the skeps I have waiting. In the surrounding area I have copper, tin and iron, blue and fire clay and peat. Although I have some iron tools I lack the resources to go 'full' iron so I will need to venture further. I have also yet to find much in the way of lore (no translocators yet either).
BTW one last thing, you can set your spawn point with temporal gears when you get one. Default setting (in world creation) limits it to 20 uses. It can be set to unlimited but that has to be done at the time the world is created.